While these techniques are feasible in patients, it is much more cumbersome and challenging to apply them to small experimental animals. However, its measurement generally requires repeated blood sampling and for some methods, precisely timed urine collections. to efficiently clear small molecular waste products from the blood stream. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the gold standard measure of the main physiological function of the kidney, i.e. In order to maximise the use of preclinical murine models of progressive kidney disease as experimentation platforms for novel therapies, including drugs and stem cells 1, 2, 3, 4, kidney function, in concert with structural morphology, needs to be monitored repeatedly in a safe, minimally invasive manner. By developing regenerative medicine therapies (RMTs) for CKD in preclinical models, novel and alternative clinical approaches may be established to halt progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Moreover, their use will also lead to a reduction in experimental animal numbers.Ĭhronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a huge socioeconomic burden, with treatment options for severe disease being limited to dialysis and transplantation. These technologies provide clinically relevant functional data and should be widely adopted for testing the efficacies of novel therapies. Measurements with either technique showed a significant impairment of renal function in experimental animals versus controls, with significant correlations with the proportion of scarred glomeruli five weeks after induction of injury. We employed i) a transcutaneous device that measures the half-life of intravenously administered FITC-sinistrin, a molecule cleared by glomerular filtration and ii) multispectral optoacoustic tomography, a photoacoustic imaging device that directly visualises the clearance of the near infrared dye, IRDye 800CW carboxylate. Here, we applied two novel minimally invasive techniques to measure kidney function in SCID mice with adriamycin-induced nephropathy. To date, most studies of murine nephropathy depend on unreliable markers of renal physiological function, exemplified by measuring blood levels of creatinine and urea and on various end points necessitating sacrifice of experimental animals to assess histological damage, thus counteracting the principles of Replacement, Refinement and Reduction. Maximising the use of preclinical murine models of progressive kidney disease as test beds for therapies ideally requires kidney function to be measured repeatedly in a safe, minimally invasive manner.
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